Showing posts with label ancient philosophy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label ancient philosophy. Show all posts

Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology Review

Anaximander and the Origins of Greek Cosmology
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The primary audience for this book is classical scholars, and they won't pay attention to reader reviews. But if you happen to be a curious layperson who somehow found your way to this page, don't be put off by the sole review from Anna C. Consider this. Kahn's book first appeared in 1960, was reissued in 1985 and 1994, and is still in print after 46 years. It is the only book-length study devoted primarily to Anaximander. It has been cited, in support or opposition, by virtually every subsequent author on the subject, including such leading scholars as Kirk and Raven, Jonathan Barnes, and W. K. C. Guthrie. If you want to understand the current state of scholarship on the Pre-Socratic philosophers, or if you want to think about Anaximander yourself, Kahn's book is indispensable. I never met the man, but I swear he writes without a British accent.

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In the sixth century BC, Anaximander of Miletus, an associate of Thales, initiated Western philosophy and science with an inquiry into 'the nature of things' which included a theory of how the world order arose, how the heavens and earth were formed, and how human beings came into existence. Anaximander was the first thinker to propose a geometric model to explain the movement of the heavenly bodies; the cosmological ideas of his school provided the background for all ancient Greek views of the natural world. This new printing of the corrected Centrum printing of 1985 makes available again a work of value for students in classics, philosophy, literature, and the history of science.

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Ancient Worlds, Modern Reflections: Philosophical Perspectives on Greek and Chinese Science and Culture Review

Ancient Worlds, Modern Reflections: Philosophical Perspectives on Greek and Chinese Science and Culture
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It had always intrigued me how ancient Greek culture, cradle of Western civilization, compared with ancient Chinese culture, because China has been for most of the last 2000 the most advanced nation on earth. Were revolutionary ideas, like that there should be a rational explanation behind every phenomenon, uniquely Greek, or did the Chinese independently come up with them too ? Geoffrey Lloyd is probably one of the very few, erudite enough on both cultures, to have written a relatively concise book in which he compares both cultures on a number of issues, such as human rights, logic, the existence of one absolute truth, the nature of scientific discovery etc...
It turns out that both cultures were very different (although the author stresses they were not incomensurable, whatever that means in this context), in particular the process of scientific and philosophical discovery. Greek philosophers acted as individuals, defending their theories against colleagues with purely rational arguments on the stage in front of their audience in search of the more convincing truth, even if it was uncomfortable, in an environment where almost all opinions could be voiced (with notable exceptions, such as Socrates) and all (men) were in principle equal, and with the victor earning a larger following of students, much like Western academics do to this day (except at Harvard lately). On the other hand, Chinese philosophy stressed that there is a natural order, with the emperor at the top, with his subjects all interconnected and philosopher mandarins - they were employed servants rather than independent minds - needing to convince the emperor of specific policies beneficial to society as a whole. Although to a biased Westerner like me, the Chinese approach looks doomed to political interference and therefore failure, it did produce the goods : until some three centuries ago China was well ahead of Europe in science.
Reading this book also made me realize even more which monumental debt we owe in the West, in particular in science and academics, to ancient Greece. The standard model of science progressing by continuously being tested against new theories is a Greek one. It is also clear that freedom of opinion and speech was a necessary condition for Greeks to practice philosophy as they saw it, whereas this was not necessarily so in China.
The book is no beach reading material, but luckily it is relatively concise, save for the latter parts, where the author suddenly launches a scathing attack of several pages on the US, in particular its refusal to ratify the Kyoto protocol, which puzzled me : what does this have to do with ancient Greece and China ? (Hence only 4 stars)

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The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies Review

The Shape of Ancient Thought: Comparative Studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies
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This book displays an impressive mastery of both the primary sources and secondary literature in both classical Greek philosophy and Asian religio-philosophical traditions. Its arguments are more than plausible, indeed, they are imaginative, courageous and persuasive. I had, until now, been unable to recommend to my students in "comparative world religions" a reliable book from which they could see the possible connections between seemingly disparate traditions. Much that comes under the rubric "comparative philosophy" is rather dated, superficial, or burdened with overweening biases and prejudices (not to mention bereft of historical warrant). I see this work as taking up where other pioneers have left off: Karl Potter, Ninian Smart, B.K. Matilal, for instance, in Indian philosophy, and Herbert Fingarette, Joel Kupperman, David Hall and Roger Ames, most notably, in ancient Chinese philosophy. Those students of ancient Greek philosophy who have read, and enjoyed, their Nussbaum, Sorabji or Hadot, will likewise be moved by this book. Having set an enviable and emulative standard, I hope it portends more works along these lines.

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This unparalleled study of early Eastern and Western philosophy challenges every existing belief about the foundations of Western civilization.Spanning thirty years of intensive research, this book proves what many scholars could not explain: that today's Western world must be considered the product of both Greek and Indian thought—Western and Eastern philosophies.Thomas McEvilley explores how trade, imperialism, and migration currents allowed cultural philosophies to intermingle freely throughout India, Egypt, Greece, and the ancient Near East. This groundbreaking reference will stir relentless debate among philosophers, art historians, and students.

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Stairway to Heaven: Chinese Alchemists, Jewish Kabbalists, and the Art of Spiritual Transformation Review

Stairway to Heaven: Chinese Alchemists, Jewish Kabbalists, and the Art of Spiritual Transformation
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It is easy to look at the mysticism of the ancients and see nothing but unintelligible mumbo-jumbo. But while we are free to reject myth and mysticism as incorrect, we would be foolish to dismiss them as nonsense. There is simply too much articulation, sophistication, and structural rigor to these systems of practice and belief. Scientology they ain't.
But what were the ancients doing? Why did they devote so much time to the stars, the human body, and the connections they believed existed between them? The notion that myth encodes astronomical information was first advanced by Santillana and von Deschend in Hamlet's Mill: An Essay Investigating the Origins of Human Knowledge And Its Transmission Through Myth. Levenda takes their work a step further by identifying in the various seven-step spiritual traditions of the world's religions a reference to the seven stars of the Big Dipper.
We in the modern West just don't look at the night sky very often. But in our ancestors' "world lit only by fire," the sky was much more important to daily life. For bronze age people sitting around the campfire, the celestial procession must have been a lot like television. Certainly they gave the stars at least the same depth of narrative significance we today find in Lost, the Hills, and professional wrestling. But was there more going on?
If you live in the Northen Hemisphere, Polaris is the fixed point around which the night sky rotates - the crown of the "axis mundi." In a world changed by the weather, the seasons, and inexplicable catastrophes, the Pole Star was the only constant. For people who took the notion of "heaven" literally, the Pole Star was an obvious candidate for the seat of God (or gods, or whatever). Levenda argues that the ancients of all (or many) cultures understood the seven stars of the Big Dipper as the seven-step "stairway to heaven." And he finds in their seven-step rituals a means of transcending the world of impermanence, achieving immortality, and ascending to communion with the Supreme.
This is pretty groundbreaking stuff and Levenda makes his argument in a very precise and scholarly way. This is, however, not the Jerry Bruckheimer-style thrill ride that readers of Sinister Forces-The Nine: A Grimoire of American Political Witchcraft (Sinister Forces) may be anticipating. Like Hamlet's Mill, this is a fairly dry book about one seriously mind-opening idea. Unless you are interested in the details of archaic wisdom traditions and the "connective tissue" between them, you may find yourself skimming. But there's no flakiness here either. This is a book that will be read by serious people for some time to come.

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Lectures on Ancient Philosophy Review

Lectures on Ancient Philosophy
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As is often the case with Manly Hall, this book is deceptively clear. Much of what he says sounds obvious and easy to understand -- until you put the book down and try to understand the authors he's written about. Then you will find that he has brought a wonderful clarity to the essential truths of ancient philosophy, delivering the heart of wisdom without the encumbrances of academic verbiage. An excellent starting-point for young people interested in the great visionaries of the past, and an enlivening refresher for those bogged down in the tedium of classical philosophic texts.

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The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy Review

The Secret Teachings of All Ages: An Encyclopedic Outline of Masonic, Hermetic, Qabbalistic and Rosicrucian Symbolical Philosophy
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The over-riding theme of Manly P. Hall's book is that the most basic secret teaching is that one should overcome your animal, lower, inferior nature of lust, hatred, and greed and become more spiritual, realizing that this world is an illusion, which isn't your true home, and your body is not your true self. By following the golden rule instead of the rule of gold, one can become enlightened enough to avoid ever having to come back to this awful world again. Wisdom is to be valued more than gold. If you do not attain such spiritual wisdom, you are doomed to repeat your experiences by reincarnating or you may experience hell or purgatory, according to some faith traditions.
Hall criticizes modern times as being too materialistic. The more you focus on earthly desires, the more you become bound to it, the more misery you shall suffer here and after death. You should follow the urges of your higher self, the spirit and soul, which operate above you in the heavenly realms as your body stays upon on this earth while you learn your lessons.
But as far as lust goes, Hall does not recommend that everyone become celibate, since if you are not particularly enlightened it would not be appropriate for you and may lead to neurosis.
Hall goes over the symbolism of many esoteric traditions in this mostly interesting, but sometimes boring book. This is a big, long, thick book that is crammed with so much information it's hard to remember it all. A lot of the explanations of symbols gets tedious after awhile and I asked the question occasionally, "Why should this be important to me?" Especially dense was the sections on the Kabala symbolism. Hall also goes over Biblical symbolism as allegorical true, not literally true, and it is based on earlier pagan traditions.
I liked the sections on black magic versus white magic and the life of Doctor Faust, who Hall claims was a real person. Hall warns us never to get involved with black magic and make pacts with evil spirits for our own temporal and selfish gain since we will be doomed to serve the spirit for eternity once we break one of the conditions of the contract as Faust did. Such evil comes from selfishness, the source of all evil. Hall is even cautions us against hypnosis and calls high pressure salesmanship a form of black magic. He says that mediums that pretend to be speaking to dead loved ones are actually elemental spirits acting like dead loved ones. It is not good to dabble in black magic just out of curiosity. I was surprised he sounded so much like a fundamentalist preacher on this topic.
White magic, however, seems to be okay with him and he has a section in which one is shown how magic can be used by invoking Christ's name and giving him the glory, using it for the expansion of your wisdom, not the fulfillment of your selfish desires.
Hall gets into the question of who really wrote Shakespeare's plays. Shakespeare himself really did not have the educational background to be able write the plays that had so many erudite references. Hall shows us that Francis Bacon was the one who wrote the plays and the various ways that he gave clues that he actually did write them. Francis Bacon was also a freemason who had the knowledge of how to conceal information through cryptograms, which are contained in his writings.
The book covers a myriad of esoteric topics and persuades the reader to take seriously the phenomena of alchemy, the Delphic oracles, and the mysterious Saint Germaine, among other things. The freemasonic origins of the United States is covered some also.
Alchemy is the process of turning base metals into gold. Metaphysically, humans are also attempting over several lifetimes to eliminate their base natures and turn to the golden light of virtue. That is what alchemy allegorically represents. Hall gives of us some examples in history in which alchemy was said to have actually occurred.
The French and American Revolutions were inspired by the freemasons. This occult group wanted to get rid of the tyranny of monarchy, the ignorance of the general populace, and the superstitions of the church. By electing a philosophical elect, the people would be well served by their governments (in theory). The original seal of the US might actually be the occult symbol of the phoenix, instead of the eagle. The French Revolution was not as successful for the freemasons since a violent reign of terror ensued, perpetrated by fanatics.
Why is the occult kept hidden from the general populace? It is hidden because of the prejudice against certain occult teachings that people aren't ready to accept. The powerful status quo is also threatened by such teachings. There is the prohibition of against throwing your pearls before swine who will only abuse such teachings. One must be worthy to accept the mysteries, which means that you have to be moral enough to receive the teachings. Mystery schools often have initiates go through many trying ordeals before they are considered worthy enough to reach the next level of wisdom.
Some occultists have a reputation for being immoral though. Hall explains that occult schools are only as good as the people in control of them. Over the years, a once virtuous group can become corrupted. That is the reason why some occult groups are considered bad.



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Anaximander and the Architects: The Contributions of Egyptian and Greek Architectural Technologies to the Origins of Greek Philosoph (SUNY Series in Ancient Greek Philosophy) Review

Anaximander and the Architects: The Contributions of Egyptian and Greek Architectural Technologies to the Origins of Greek Philosoph (SUNY Series in Ancient Greek Philosophy)
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While I am no expert in ancient philosophy, I confess to having read over the years several survey books on the subject. Never before had I seen so many diagrams and illustrations in a book on this topic. What Anaximander and the Architects does is to present a case about the origins of Greek philosophy by walking the reader through the powerful images that shaped Anaximander's world and his philosophizing. The more one thinks about, the more original is Hahn's argument: while early Greek philosophy is almost always marked by the literary evidence for "rationalizing the cosmos," explaining the origins of the universe without recourse to myth, Hahn offers us an argument to understand "rationalizing" by evidence from "images" and "pictures." By this approach, Hahn exposes the philosophical imagination of the early Greek philosophers. This approach is really new, and it asks us to think again -- as do some studies in cognitive science --about the role that the imagination plays in the development of rationality.

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Origin of the Egyptians Review

Origin of the Egyptians
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I was doing research on the pre-dynastic history of Egypt. I got caught up in the question that has defied archaeologists and historians alike: Where did the ancestors of the ancient Egyptians originate?Ancient Egyptian Civilization seems to have burst on the scene fully developed, from nowhere. It seems unlikely that the aboriginal cultures of Africa provided the root for this ancient and highly developed civilization. I could never accept that the ancient Egyptians were the descendants of extraterrestrials.Who, then were the real ancestors of the ancient Egyptian civilization?August Le Plongeon provided a most plausible answer. Exploring Central America, the home of the ancient Mayas, along with his wife Alice and writing of his exploits during the last quarter of the ninteenth century, Le Plongeon formulated his theory that the ancient Egyptians were the descendants of Mayan Colonists from that strange and fascinating civilization of Central America. Mayan culture has many similarties in common with ancient Egypt. Both civilizations built pyramids of impressive proportions. Both possessed a highly developed religion and an astounding body of mathematical and scientific knowledge. Both possessed a glyph type writing. Mayan words appear in the Egyptian language too frequently to be coincidence. The evidence is almost overwhelming!Many of Le Plongeon's contemporaries and today's scholars consider him an eccentric, not to be taken too seriously. On this point the call is up to the reader.Le Plongeon's theories can't be ignored! They are more than worthy of consideration.Apparently Le Plongeon had no fear of the Roman Church, he makes no attempt to hide his contempt for the Church, and its priests accompaning the Spanish military invaders of the Mayan Empire. Le Plongeon has a tendancy to tell it like he sees it and let the chips fall where they may. Refreshing!After reading Le Plongeon's book I can understand why this might not be a popular volume with the Roman Church. Fortunately in this country we don't ban or burn books, or the people who write such books, not yet!

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By Augustus Le Plongeon, M.D.Introductory Preface by Manly P. HallThe premise for this book is best summarized in the words of itsauthor, who writes: "Plutarch, in his Life of Solon, informs us thatPsenophis and Sonchis-one a priest of Heliopolis, and the other ofSais-told the Athenian legislator that 9,000 years before his visit toEgypt, on account of the submergence of the Island of Atlantis (Landof Mu of the Mayas) all communications had been interrupted with theWestern countries. If the Egyptians learned the art of writing fromthe Mayas, as no doubt they did, it must have been in times anteriorto the cataclysm. In this we would find the explanation of whyidentical characters are being found on the most ancient monuments ofEgypt and those of Mayach, having the same meaning and containing therelation of the same cosmogonical traditions." Illustrated.

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Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians Review

Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians
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This is a great book, but not an easy read. There is much here to be read several times and pondered upon.
The author states his purpose in writing the book is: "To suggest an interpretation of Egyptian metaphysical tradition in harmony with with the teachings set forth in what we call the mysteries."
In the introduction, the author lodges a valid criticism of some academics in the fields of Egyptology and archaeology. He makes a distinction between two types of academics. The first are those who are too close to the to see the trees. They are "materialistic minded men" bent on maintaining their reputations and place in the academic community. Terrified of controversy and change. Unwilling to accept conclusions and new theories based on the latest scientific methods. The second group are those bold enough to speculate on new ideas based to modern exploration and research. These people are unafraid to reveal their conclusions to public scrutiny.
This work will be of interest to hard-core students of Freemasonry, especially those who are open-minded and inclined to search for the roots of Freemasonry among the ancient Egyptians.
To the Master Mason interested in the origins of the Craft, the section dealing with the "Crata Repoa" will be quite interesting. To avoid forming the misconception that he is reading the narrative of a modern ritual The reader must keep in mind the author is dealing with a ritual that could only have originated in ancient Egypt and passed down through the ages. Ultimately, the reader must make up his own mind about the information presented by the author.
In chapter Four, "The Secret Doctrine of Egypt", Freemasons will be fascinated by the author's treatment of the "Widow's Son".
Those who are not members of the Masonic fraternity may have difficulty grasping some of the concepts relating to Freemasonry presented by the author.
Manly P. Hall was raised on November 22, 1954 in Jewel Lodge No. 374. In 1990 Mr Hall was elevated to the 33d degree, the highest honor and degree in Freemasonry.
The author has written other books on Freemasonry: "The Lost Keys of Freemasonry"; Masonic Orders of the Fraternity"; and "The Secret Destiny of America".
An extremely interesting section of the book presents the author's perspective concerning the "Curse of Tutankhamen's Tomb".
In my opinion, this book will not be well received by Christian Fundamentalists and the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, based on the author'frank and historically correct criticism of these two groups.

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