Showing posts with label in the mediterranean. Show all posts
Showing posts with label in the mediterranean. Show all posts

Pausanias: Travel Writing in Ancient Greece (Classical Literature and Society Series) Review

Pausanias: Travel Writing in Ancient Greece (Classical Literature and Society Series)
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Maria Pretzler's book on Pausanias is fantastic. I first heard of Pausanias while touring through Greece this spring. Multiple times the tour guide or exhibit explanation would mention how Pausanias described things back in antiquity, such as mentioning hundreds of statues at Delphi that were present back in 160 AD that were presently gone. I had been reading up on ancient Greece for the year previous, but had never heard of Pausanias. I thought it would be cool to actually read the author himself.
Pretzler's book itself doesn't quote a lot of text or even go into a lot of detail summary of what Pausanias described, but it is more of an analysis of the book itself. Initially, I held off on reading the Pausanias because it was written maybe 500 years after the classical period, during the Roman occupation, but Pretzler shows that Pausanias was very proudly Greek and was frequently using his book to showcase and tout Greek accomplishments from their glory years. This is a major theme. More contemporary critics have derided the book as second rate for not being thorough and exacting, but Pretzler shows that this selection was purposeful.
There are also several very interesting and very scholarly sections at the end that describe how Pausanias has been received and what his impact has been since a manuscript of his work was rediscovered in 1453. I wonder if there are many more such works just waiting to be rediscovered?
The writing overall is very thoughtful and insightful. I actually had a hard time putting it down. Now I'm looking forward even more to reading the sections of Pausanias that describe the buildings and locations I visited.
As an addendum, Pretzler's book works equally well either before, after, or without ever reading Pausanias' text, though after reading Pretzler, you'll probably want to at least browse through the original text.

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This book combines a thorough introduction to Pausanias with new perspectives. It considers the influences that shaped the Periegesis, and its literary and cultural context. Pausanias' text records contemporary interpretations of monuments and traditions, and is concerned with the identity and history of Greece. Parallels with various texts of the period offer insights into Pausanias' attitudes as well as illustrating aspects of Second Sophistic culture. A discussion of Greek texts that deal with fictional or actual travel provides a background for a detailed study of the Periegesis as travel literature. Pausanias' treatment of geography and his descriptions of landscapes, cities and artworks are considered, as are his methods as a historian. The final chapters deal with Pausanias' impact on modern approaches to Greece and ancient Greek culture.

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Ancient Worlds, Modern Reflections: Philosophical Perspectives on Greek and Chinese Science and Culture Review

Ancient Worlds, Modern Reflections: Philosophical Perspectives on Greek and Chinese Science and Culture
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It had always intrigued me how ancient Greek culture, cradle of Western civilization, compared with ancient Chinese culture, because China has been for most of the last 2000 the most advanced nation on earth. Were revolutionary ideas, like that there should be a rational explanation behind every phenomenon, uniquely Greek, or did the Chinese independently come up with them too ? Geoffrey Lloyd is probably one of the very few, erudite enough on both cultures, to have written a relatively concise book in which he compares both cultures on a number of issues, such as human rights, logic, the existence of one absolute truth, the nature of scientific discovery etc...
It turns out that both cultures were very different (although the author stresses they were not incomensurable, whatever that means in this context), in particular the process of scientific and philosophical discovery. Greek philosophers acted as individuals, defending their theories against colleagues with purely rational arguments on the stage in front of their audience in search of the more convincing truth, even if it was uncomfortable, in an environment where almost all opinions could be voiced (with notable exceptions, such as Socrates) and all (men) were in principle equal, and with the victor earning a larger following of students, much like Western academics do to this day (except at Harvard lately). On the other hand, Chinese philosophy stressed that there is a natural order, with the emperor at the top, with his subjects all interconnected and philosopher mandarins - they were employed servants rather than independent minds - needing to convince the emperor of specific policies beneficial to society as a whole. Although to a biased Westerner like me, the Chinese approach looks doomed to political interference and therefore failure, it did produce the goods : until some three centuries ago China was well ahead of Europe in science.
Reading this book also made me realize even more which monumental debt we owe in the West, in particular in science and academics, to ancient Greece. The standard model of science progressing by continuously being tested against new theories is a Greek one. It is also clear that freedom of opinion and speech was a necessary condition for Greeks to practice philosophy as they saw it, whereas this was not necessarily so in China.
The book is no beach reading material, but luckily it is relatively concise, save for the latter parts, where the author suddenly launches a scathing attack of several pages on the US, in particular its refusal to ratify the Kyoto protocol, which puzzled me : what does this have to do with ancient Greece and China ? (Hence only 4 stars)

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The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180-395 (Routledge History of the Ancient World) Review

The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180-395 (Routledge History of the Ancient World)
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Within its set limits, this is an excellent book. Potter's major focus is the Imperial system of government and how it changed over the period covered in this book. Potter starts with the Imperial system at the end of the reign of Marcus Aurelius, the termination of a period of remarkable stability with a series of successful transitions between Emperors. Under Marcus Aurelius and his predecessors, the Emperor functioned as the fulcrum of a system in which governence was exercised partly by the Imperial court, partly by the Senatorial class through institutions inherited from the Roman Republic, partly by a bureaucracy staffed by the Roman equestrian order, and partly through the Army. The Emperor mediated through these different systems and balanced local/regional needs against Imperial needs. The ranks of the Senatorial and equestrian orders were socially permeable with provincial families making their up the social ladder into important positions. Potter shows the Empire at this point to be somewhat backward looking with intellectual life driven by work of important thinkers from prior generations and important institutions, like the Army, maintaining the structures established decades, if not centuries earlier. After Marcus Aurelius, a number of stresses emerged that drove major changes in governence. The Persian empire was reinvigorated by the Sasanids, 'barbarian' invaders from Europe became more of a problem, and chronic succession problems produced political instability. The imperial succession is marked by a series of incompetent (Commodus), underage, or arguably insane (Caracalla, Elagabalus) Emperors. Succession crises produced frequent civil wars. Over time, the role of the Imperial court expanded with a reduction in the importance of the traditional forms of governance and efforts to more closely govern the provinces. While the Emperor remained the linchpin of the system, Potter argues that towards the end of this period, the court bureacracy had become capable of manipulating Emperors. Certainly, the Army had become something of an arbiter of political fortunes well before the fall of the western Roman Empire. Potter implies that the shift to a more centralized form of government dominated by the court was responsible for some of the difficulties of the Empire. I'm not sure this is convincing. From Potter's account, it seems to me that the difficulties in producing peaceful successions seem more important and the other changes Potter describes might be secondary to the stresses an unstable Imperial system experienced.
Potter does very well in describing another major process in this period, the rise of Christianity as the official state religion. His discussion of religion in general is quite good and his description of how Christianity became the state creed is excellent. In some respects, the emergence of a single, somewhat exclusive state religion is of a piece with the centralizing tendencies of the later Roman state.
I think Potter does less well with demography and economic history, which are hardly mentioned, though I am sure there is not much real data on these topics. Still, what is mentioned is intriguing and would have been worth additional exploration. Towards the end of this period, there were persistent difficulties in recruitment for the Army. Troops were drawn often from 'barbarian' groups. Why? Was this due to population shortfalls in the Empire? This is not really addressed.
This book is written very well though there is an irritating tendency to use some post-modernist jargon like employing the word narrative in the sense of betokening a world view or sense of identity. Recommended strongly.

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David S. Potter's comprehensive survey of two critical and eventful centuries traces the course of imperial decline, skillfully weaving together cultural, intellectual and political history.Particular attention is paid throughout to the structures of government, the rise of Persia as a rival, and the diverse intellectual movements in the empire. There is also a strong focus on Christianity, transformed in this period from a fringe sect to the leading religion.Against this detailed background, Potter argues that the loss of power can mainly be attributed to the failure in the imperial elite to respond to changes inside and outside the empire, and to internal struggles for control between different elements in the government, resulting in an inefficient centralization of power at court.A striking achievement of historical synthesis combined with a compelling interpretative line, The Roman Empire at Bay enables students of all periods to understand the dynamics of great imperial powers.

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Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World) Review

Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World)
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I do not like sourebooks, however, I really like this sourcebook. This book has three features that really make it outstanding.
1. It focuses on the obscure. While there are certainly passages from well-known historians such as Eusebius, Lactantius and Procopius, this book includes artwork, archaeological evidence and letters. These minor pieces of evidence are really important because they are so hard to find. Anyone can go to a library and check out a copy of 'de Mortibus Persecutorum', but not everyone has the time, interest or resources to go through the reports of the Dura-Europos excavations. This book is greatly enhanced by a wide breadth of atypical source material.
2. It provides context. Lee writes a little passage before each source snippet to put it into context. While that is helpful, he also references scholarly works in those snippets, so not only is this a sourcebook of ancient sources, but also modern interpretations.
3. It's organization is very good. The first half of the book or so is divided up chronologically and ends in the 6th century. The book then has a section on other religions, but it ends with excellent thematic chapters, detailing material resources, women, bishops and monasticism. These later source materials also provide references to relevant passages in the earlier chapters, making it very easy to navigate through this book.
In sum, this is a first-rate sourcebook.

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In this book A.D. Lee charts the rise to dominance of Christianity in the Roman empire. Using translated texts he explains the fortunes of both Pagans and Christians from the upheavals of the 3rd Century to the increasingly tumultuous times of the 5th and 6th centuries.The book also examines important themes in Late Antiquity such as the growth of monasticism, the emerging power of bishops and the development of pilgrimage, and looks at the fate of other significant religious groups including the Jews, Zoroastrians and Manichaeans.

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Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Ancient Society and History) Review

Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Ancient Society and History)
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A book on the fourth century that cites Saul Alinsky and Richard Nixon is not a typical history! The reason is that "Constantine and the Bishops" is as much about political science as history. Using the usual traditional sources, Drake goes further and examines agendas; the people he reveals are refreshingly understandable. In fact, I kept finding myself thinking: "Of course!", and "That reminds me of [name]", and "That's the same kind of mistake I might have made", etc. Constantine comes across as a very believable person trying desperately to bring peace and order to an empire plagued by special interests and external challenges (so what else is new! ). For example, regards special interests, Drake points out that Constantine briefly transferred some legal functions to the bishops. The reason was corruption in the legal profession mirroring today's problems in the legal system (i.e. money buying favorable decisions). How contemporary! ----- In terms of history, this work excels because it offers reasonable perspectives within which events take place. Instead of a mountain of facts, Drake selects currents within which they make sense. The "Big Events" of this period were: The Great Persecution (303-313) by Emperor Diocletian , the reign of Constantine (324-337), the brief counter-revolution of Emperor Julian "the Apostate" (361-263), and the final conquest of power by the Christian bishops under Emperor Theodosius I (379-395). The history in this book is however very detailed. It reaches back to the decline of the Roman Senate under Augustus Caesar three centuries before, and looks ahead to the ratification of the Theodosian Code in 438. Even without much knowledge of the fourth century, a reader will finish with an excellent grounding in the period. Over 51 pages of footnotes, a list of 118 primary sources and 43 PAGES of secondary sources (!), are backed up by an excellent index. The enquiring reader will have no shortage of further reading to pursue! ----- One interesting thought that Drake comes back to repeatedly is that "the ancient state was built on the premise that organized human activity was needed to ensure that [divinity] remained benevolent to the community." He points out another fact that was brushed under the carpet in later times: many pagans were monotheists before the final victory of Christianity, and that Constantine may well have been a monotheist well before he accepted Christianity. Drake shows that the failure of the Great Persecution was due in part to the fact that pagan and Christian neighbors usually got along rather well, contrary to myth. Constantine had no desire to fail (as had Diocletian) by encouraging conflict; Constantine's challenge was to keep the Christian church from tearing itself apart. Within the church, a centralized bureaucracy had not yet emerged, and the bishops reined supreme. Some (not all!) were obsessed with a search for "heretics". Once Christianity "became popular" a flood of new converts, many with little religious motivation, threatened to swamp the church. For those who had suffered under Diocletion the stampede of opportunists was - at best - a mixed blessing! Constantine constantly came down against the exclusionists, favoring an inclusive approach. In fact the evolution of Christianity into an intolerant movement, Drake points out, was not inevitable: internal conflicts had more to do its intolerance (later projected outward) than anything else. Julian's brief counter-revolution just fed internal paranoia and strengthened the hand of the extremists within Christianity. (How familiar! Radicalization of a movement due to unsuccessful external persecution combined with internal "purges" of deviants!) This is an excellent volume. If I were to recommend a "first read" for those wanting to understand fourth century Christianity, this would be The Book!

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Historians who viewed imperial Rome in terms of a conflict between pagans and Christians have often regarded the emperor Constantine's conversion as the triumph of Christianity over paganism. But inConstantine and the Bishops, historian H. A. Drake offers a fresh and more nuanced understanding of Constantine's rule and, especially, of his relations with Christians.Constantine, Drake suggests, was looking not only for a god in whom to believe but also a policy he could adopt. Uncovering the political motivations behind Constantine's policies, Drake shows how those policies were constructed to ensure the stability of the empire and fulfill Constantine's imperial duty in securing the favor of heaven.Despite the emperor's conversion to Christianity, Drake concludes, Rome remained a world filled with gods and with men seeking to depose rivals from power. A book for students and scholars of ancient history and religion,Constantine and the Bishops shows how Christian belief motivated and gave shape to imperial rule.

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The Ancient Egyptian World (World in Ancient Times) Review

The Ancient Egyptian World (World in Ancient Times)
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This is just about the best, funniest book I've read all year--who would have expected this from a book on the ancient Egyptian World?
I'm not an expert on this subject but the writing has the ring of truth and seems to be well-researched.
The authors have a gift for making old topics seem this-minute relevant.
For instance, Egyptian priesthood: "Plucking out your eyebrows and eyelashes may sound painful., but being a priest had advantages. For one thing, you didn't have to pay taxes..." Or, on fashion: "So what would an Egyptian Fashion magazine look like (other than the fact it would be written on papyrus, need only one issue every thousand years or so, and could only be read by a few people since only aobut 1 percent of Egyptians could read?)"
I think the ho-hum title and amazingly dull cover are like displaying a perfect rose in a milk bottle, but you can't have everything.


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