Showing posts with label christianity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label christianity. Show all posts

Out of Egypt: The Roots of Christianity Revealed Review

Out of Egypt: The Roots of Christianity Revealed
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I was intrigued by the thesis of this book; that the roots of both Judaism and Christianity were to be found in ancient Egypt. Amongst other ideas, the author suggests that the Pharaohs Thutmosis III, Akhenaten, and Tutankamun were the persons that the Bible calls David, Moses, and Jesus, respectively. He argues that the accounts in the scriptures held sacred by the Jews and by Christians, known as the Old Testament, and which were written down only after many centuries of oral tradition, are seriously flawed and ahistorical. Osman further suggests that there is no proof whatsoever, aside from the biblical account, that there ever was an important Jewish kingdom in Palestine ruled by David or Solomon. Essentially, he contends that Jesus did not live a mortal life in the first century AD, but rather that embellished accounts of a life from more than 1000 years earlier were used as a model in what amounted to a great deception. His book is a serious problem for either a believing Christian or a believing Jew, undercutting as it does the veracity of the scriptures, and basic tenets of both faiths. Nonetheless, the book might be a serious challenge to conventional scholarship, were it not flawed itself. Osman has an annoying and ultimately self-undermining habit of making a great many unsupported suppositions. He makes a claim, which he promises to prove "later", and then later he continues his argument with "As we have seen..." as though he has offered solid proof, when in fact he has offered nothing of the sort. There is far too much here that lacks substantiation, and the author relies far too heavily on the Bible itself (which he himself claims is completely unreliable) and his personal interpretation thereof, to measure up to even a weak academic standard. It IS an entertaining read; but far too many speculations are held together with very little solid evidence for Osman's argument to be taken completely seriously. Even his research was less than thorough. His bibliography, for example, does not include Immanuel Velikovsky, who wrote of a similar theory regarding the Pharaoh Akhenaten decades ago. To conclude, the book promised much, but failed to deliver. Ultimately, I was disappointed.

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Parallels: Mesoamerican and Ancient Middle Eastern Traditions a Tradition Review

Parallels: Mesoamerican and Ancient Middle Eastern Traditions a Tradition
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Diane Wirth has collected an impressive number of cultural parallels between the Old World (Near East) and the New World (Mesoamerica). She presents a large number of examples that show bearded figures in the early cultures of Mesoamerica which have usually been considered as beardless. These examples parallel Near Eastern cultural and physical features. She shows a close parallel between the characteristics of the Egyptian god Osiris and the Maya Maize god. She draws parallels in creation and renewal beliefs as well as in birth and resurrection as revealed in the iconography. She demonstrates how the World Tree (Tree of Life) is common to both Near Eastern and Mesoamerican beliefs. She reveals the similarities between the Egyptian and Mayan scribal traditions. Both hieroglyphic writing systems were highly developed and both used logograms, syllabic signs and determinative markers that aided in determining the meaning of ambigious glyphs. She uses the glyphs and the icons from works of art and sculpture to explain the complexity of these parallels. Diane is very qualified to do this kind of comparison. She has studied these things for many years and has been a student of many of the leading Mesoamerican scholars. I recommend this book to anyone interested in furthering their knowledge of the diffusion of culture from the Old World to the New. There are many excellent references cited that can lead one to a more comprehensive understanding of these two cultural areas.

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The Roots of Our Faith: Ancient Egypt And The Bible Review

The Roots of Our Faith: Ancient Egypt And The Bible
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I've got to be more careful about self-published works - usually there's a reason no reputable publishing house will take them. I purchased this book because it looked interesting. I've gotten interested in both ancient Egypt and the early roots of Christianity. I've long sensed that there is some overlap - after all, according to the Bible, Joseph and Mary fled with Jesus into Egypt to escape Herod's persecutions, so it wouldn't be surprising that Jesus might have picked up some Egyptian religion and mixed it with the Judaism He was raised with. I thought perhaps this book would explore such connections. But instead it is a rambling, disjointed, free-floating diatribe about all the ills of society being traceable to the exclusion of the Bible from public education and Christians' racist refusal to see the roots of Christianity in ancient African-Egyptian civilization.
For a shorter review, I should focus on what the book got right - I could stop here. I'm not even sure where to begin to address the flaws of this book. Ocansey's "logic" seems to be roughly: Egypt was the earliest civilization; early Egyptians mapped the "heavens" in the Zodiac, which is God's blueprint of His plan for the world, including Jesus Christ; the Egyptians were monotheistic and worshipped the same "God Almighty" as in the Bible; Egypt is in Africa; denying the Egyptian roots of Christianity is racist way of excluding the real African roots of Christianity, based on the racist theory of evolution; the theory of evolution is but one manifest aspect of the evil influence of Satan in the world, which is responsible for all the world's ills; and finally, if public school children are denied learning about Christianity and its true roots in ancient Egypt, they will of necessity be left in utter darkness and society will stumble toward it's ultimate destruction.
So much of this book was so patently and obviously wrong that I feel rather foolish refuting it. But, nonetheless, here goes. First, Egypt was not the only ancient civilization. If you search "cradle of civilization", you'll get more hits for ancient Mesopotamia than you will for Egypt. Also, there is growing evidence that the Norte Chico people in ancient Peru had vast and complex civilizations - complete with pyramids - that pre-date Egyptian civilization.
Second, Ocansey's claims about the Zodiac are just baffling, such as his claim that the Zodiac belongs under the rubric of astronomy, not astrology. Nevermind the fact that the constellations reference nothing other than the random distribution of stars and other "heavenly bodies" throughout the universe. But even to whatever extent the Zodiac is a valid "chart" of the "heavens", Ocansey's interpretation thereof was, to say the least, stretching it. If you read that section, I'd suggest smoking something stronger than tobacco - it might make more sense then. Being as most Christian denominations view the Zodiac as part of the occult, I don't think Ocansey is going to find wide-spread acceptance of his views on the subject.
Third, the idea that ancient Egyptians were monotheistic is just laughable. They had a pantheon of gods to rival the Greeks, Romans, Norse and even the Hindus. Ocansey, however, argues that they had a sort of underlying monotheism because they recognized that there was one "God Almighty" (Ra) who created everything; the other gods are just aspects of the One God, sort of like Jesus and the Holy Spirit are aspects of God. But by that view, Hinduism is also monotheistic. Again, I don't see widespread acceptance by Christians adopting Ocansey's view that Egyptian religion is the same as Christianity. After all, the Egyptians worshipped their Pharaohs as gods, and only Pharaohs (and those they needed to serve them in the afterlife) were eligible for life after death. Admittedly, Ocansey refers to one Pharaoh in particular - Akhenaton - who introduced monotheism (or a form thereof), but Akhenaton's religion died out with his death, and even he essentially worshipped the Sun.
Fourth, ancient Egypt was not "black" in any way that can be directly connected to modern "black culture". While there is still vast disagreement about what race the ancient Egyptians were, there is more of a consensus that the concept isn't even relevant. The ancient Egyptians portrayed themselves in statutes and wall paintings in a variety of hues from white to pink to brown to black and with a variety of features from stereotypical African features to stereotypical European, Semitic and Asian features. But in any case, their culture flourished three to five thousand years ago and was at the crossroads of many different cultures and civilizations. To say that ancient Egyptians were "black" is not only possibly inaccurate, it's rather meaningless as culture and civilization have changed (evolved!) drastically since then.
Finally, Ocansey is stuck in the old canard that only the Bible represents "Truth". Science is meaningless because it only focuses on what can be experienced and studied, while "God's truth" transcends sensory and rational knowledge to achieve a level of "revelation" knowledge. That may or may not be, but how is it, then that no two believers agree on precisely what "God's truth" is? Even if we were to grant Ocansey's wish to teach the "truth" about God and Jesus Christ, whose truth would we teach? Catholic? Mainline Protestant? Evangelical?
Ocansey really vents his spleen on "evolutionary theory" throughout the book. It is the work of Satan responsible for all the evil in the world including, interestingly, Europeans' attitudes towards blacks and Native Americans which allowed for slavery and other oppression. Nevermind that Darwin didn't even develop the theory of evolution until hundreds of years after the slave trade had begun. And nevermind that there are just as many (if not more) religious justifications for slavery and racism as there are secular ones. The South has never exactly been known as a hotbed of Enlightenment science. It is, however, part of the Bible Belt. Nothing will convince people like Ocansey that the "theory" of evolution is every bit as much proven science as the "theory" of gravity, but that shouldn't mean that he gets to impose his "beliefs" about "science" on public school kids.
Ocansey also argues that there are no values, morals or self-discipline without God. There are only two choices: God or Satan; good or evil. If you don't teach kids about God, they will have no way to learn about good, no reason to discipline themselves or behave better than animals. I'd say Buddhist monks who fast and meditate for days or weeks at a time would be surprised to learn that they have no self-discipline. If only the world were as black and white as Ocansey paints - how easy it would all be.
Perhaps the most unsettling things about this book are that Ocansey received two masters and a Ph.D. from Columbia (I'm guessing they don't look at those as their finest moments) and that he has been involved in public education in New York City for over thirty years. I do hope his work has been administrative. I hope that no public school children have actually been exposed to either his bizarre theology or his bad science.


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This book seeks to set Christianity "right-side up on its feet" by acknowledging its ancient Egyptian roots.Concepts, ideas and beliefs mapped out in the Zodiac or recorded in the Egyptian Book of the Dead became the source of much that we find in the Bible. It documents that creation doctrine taught by ancient Egyptians, and recorded in the Bible, was superseded by Evolutionary theory which distorted many of those ideas. Man, believed to be God's creation as spirit, soul and body became a "higher animal" according to evolutionary theory. Hierarchies of man emerged with the "higher" not assigned to ancient Egyptian Blacks but to Whites, while Blacks were even considered subhuman. The foundation was laid for racism and man's inhumanity to man as evidenced by slavery and the holocaust.Today color discrimination and segregation still exist, thanks to evolutionary theory. Since this philosophy still controls American Public school education, children are denied the knowledge of God with such truths, ideas and concepts that had their foundation in ancient Egypt. Consequently, students are exposed to the deception of Satan without the countervailing Power of God through the Holy Spirit, Who alone transforms individuals from the ordinary to the extraordinary.

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The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible Review

The Stones Cry Out: What Archaeology Reveals About the Truth of the Bible
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Price's book is a wonderful basic level survey of archeology as it relates to the Bible. A fascinating read that you wont want to stop reading, this book is well worth the cost.

This book is also a builder of faith for the one who believes the authenticity of the bible and a good source of verifiable facts that skeptics should consider. There are a lot of references to the Bible in order to make sense of the archeology.

The book is written in a simple style, with ordered, digestable sections. The author conveys a good sense of the excitement of the discoveries that have been made over the years. Just as importantly, he explains the difficulties and tediousness of the field.

Topics include the Ark, King David, the dead sea scrolls, the temple, the exodus .. basically all of the major topics in the scripture are addressed here. There are also a lot of pictures/photographs that were helpful. The end of the book also contains a series of useful charts and tables that were very helpful; chronologies of Israel, outlines of archeological eras, lists of museums, you name it.

I also found that the author did not oversell the facts. That is, he used the evidence wisely and did not try to go beyond the facts to prove his theories. When he speculates it is clearly mentioned. He is academically honest.


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From Every People and Nation: A Biblical Theology of Race (New Studies in Biblical Theology) Review

From Every People and Nation: A Biblical Theology of Race (New Studies in Biblical Theology)
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I praise God for Hayes' work! As an African American Pastor it is difficult to adequately express how breath taking I found Hayes' book. From Every People and Nation is a work that speaks powerfully and eloquently on what I judge to be the most important ecclesiastical issue of our generation! Is that an overstatemenet? I would argue that to have that reaction is to prove that it isn't. The evangelical Church on American soil will never amaze anyone and will hardly rise to the level of a city set on a hill, unless it confronts its racism on both sides of the black white divide.
From Every People and Nation is todate the finest work I've encountered on the subject. It is well written, evincing compelling exegesis of the relevant biblical texts and moves along redemptive historical lines. The conclusions Hayes draws are sober, sane, and sagacious. From Every People and Nation will long stand as in invaluable resource to any preacher, missionary, or Christian worker struggling for ways to formulate a thoughtful, relevant, theology of race in the postmodern era. It is a shot in the arm and invaluable suppliment to the many woefully inadequate biblical anthropologies and ecclesiologies of our day.
Oh, how I wish that this book would come to enjoy a wide circulation. It should be required reading in every seminary and bible college in the country!

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Casting the Gods Adrift: A Tale of Ancient Egypt Review

Casting the Gods Adrift: A Tale of Ancient Egypt
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Casting the Gods Adrift is a wonderfully written tale of an Egyptian boy's struggles between following his father and following the Pharaoh. Historically accurate and full of challenging vocabulary, this is a must read for anyone studying Ancient Egypt - or anyone who simply loves great literature!

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Cracking the Wine Case: Unlocking Ancient Secrets in the Christian and Drinking Controversy Review

Cracking the Wine Case: Unlocking Ancient Secrets in the Christian and Drinking Controversy
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Insightful and well written. Adequately addresses the common controversy on christianity and drinking. The ancient secrets shared in the book are real interesting and great to know. A must for your spiritual journey!

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Should Christians Drink Alcoholic Beverages?Did God Make Wine for Our Enjoyment? Was Jesus the Miracle-Working Bartender in John 2?These questions have been debated for centuries, but what is the truth?In this book, the author takes the reader on a unforgettable journey that unlocks the ancient secrets and Scriptures that are necessary to explain these tough questions. Along this road, you will travel to a wedding reception where children drink beer and where pastors hold "church" at bars. It's a wild ride that's insightful, humorous and educational. If you've ever asked if drinking is permitted for Christians, you'll want this book in your library. * Discover the Manners and Customs of the Ancients for a More Complete and Necessary Background on the Drinking Issue*Over 240 Pages and 150 cultural notes * Every Major Scripture Passage in the Drinking Controversy is Scrutinized* Study Questions at the End of Every Chapter* Endorsed by Christian Leaders, Professionals and Universities*Special Chapters for those Addicted to Alcohol*Available in All Major Christian and Secular Bookstores (and Online)!

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A Dictionary of Gnosticism Review

A Dictionary of Gnosticism
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This book is a terrific reference for anyone interested in religion, mysticism, esoterica, ancient history and any form of Gnosis from ancient to modern. Though it would appear at first glance to be a basic dictionary of words rarely used and seldom contemplated in the average everyday world, it is a storehouse of clues to the origins of Western esoterica and literary fancy. Take "AEEIOUO," an entry on page 5. Reminiscent of the Caterpillar's song in Lewis Carol's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" it is also the (Greek) vowels chanted repetitively in certain forms of magic derived from Gnostic texts ... a little online cross-research explains that according to the Nag Hammadi, Aeeiouo is the shape of the Self Begotten Soul. (In Greek, Alice happens to mean "truthful.")
The Nag Hammadi codices are outlined beginning on page 168 where it is explained that the "tractates in the codices are in Coptic, but scholars believe they were originally composed in Greek."
What's a "tractate"? Look it up on page 247 where you can also brush up on the word "transcendence" contrasted with "immanence" on page 124.
A Dictionary of Gnosticism will help you comprehend Plato's Timaeus from which the concept of the "demiurge" originates, as well as modern film concepts. The 1999 movie "The Matrix" is explained on page 156 where "archon" equivalent characters (agents) govern reality "on behalf of the entity that created the world". The demiurge in Gnosticism is compared to the machines in the Matrix.
Try Googling all that! It is wonderful to have this handy Gnostic dictionary at one's fingertips as a quick reference for looking up some of the more obscure terms of Gnosis ("direct spiritual experience") - but it also helps in grasping much of what more mainstream literature and contemporary media have been trying to tell us all along. The truth is in between the lines ... or in the process of "inverse exegesis." Make up your "Nous" or mind and avoid the "interdict" if you are a heretic. Explore Pistis Sophia. Use this quick reference manual of Gnostic terms as a springboard for further inquiry. Ablanathanalba.


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A Dictionary of Gnosticism is a scholarly yet accessible guide that covers the people, mythology, movements, scripture, and technical terms related to this pre-Christian Western religion. It contains nearly 1700 entries, from Aachiaram, an angel in the Secret Book of John to Zostrianos, a third-century Gnostic text, and is a reliable reference for the Nag Hammadi library and other Gnostic texts. An introduction explains who the Gnostics were and provides a whirlwind tour through the history of this captivating movement.

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Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs: The Essene Revelations on the Historical Jesus Review

Jesus in the House of the Pharaohs: The Essene Revelations on the Historical Jesus
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The theories put forth in this work are indeed unorthodox, yet not to be dismissed because of that. The author believes the old testament scriptures especially to be deliberately misleading for the sake of covering up the theories put forth in this book.
The author certainly did his archaeological and historical homework, but contrary to his statement in the first chapter, he obviously does not believe the old/new testament scriptures to be reliable historical work. While I appreciated the new twist on these events of the bible, I must criticise this work for the inconsistent way the old/new testament scriptures are treated as reference material for Osman's theories.
For some aspects of Osman's theories, scriptures are treated as deliberate cover-ups of the truth, while other times they are treated as supportive of Osman's theories and to be taken at face value. The author's criteria for interpreting the old/new testament passages one way or the other is unclear all the way through the book.
I respect that Osman didn't ignore the scriptural passages that conflict with his theories and made an honest attempt to deal with those inconsistencies one by one. I am only saying that some of the explanations he gives are not convincing, while many of them are very convincing.
One minor note: those looking for a thorough examination of the Essenes, their views on Jesus and the Teacher of Righteousness (as I was), this book deals only briefly with the Essenes and focuses mainly on Jewish and Egytian history.

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A provocative thesis that the historical Jesus was connected to the royal 18th dynasty of Egypt
' Contends that Jesus, Joshua, and Tutankhamun were the same person

' Provides evidence from church documentation, the Koran, the Talmud, and archaeology that the Messiah came more than a millennium before the first century C.E.

' Shows that Christianity evolved from Essene teachings

Although it is commonly believed that Jesus lived during the first century C.E., there is no concrete evidence to support this fact from the Roman and Jewish historians who would have been his contemporaries. The Gospel writers themselves were of a later generation, and many accounts recorded in the Old Testament and Talmudic commentary refer to the coming of the Messiah as an event that had already occurred.Using the evidence available from archaeology, the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Koran, the Talmud, and biblical sources, Ahmed Osman provides a compelling case that both Jesus and Joshua were one and the same--a belief echoed by the early Church Fathers--and that this person was likewise the pharaoh Tutankhamun, who ruled Egypt between 1361 and 1352 B.C.E. and was regarded as the spiritual son of God. Osman contends that the Essene Christians--who followed Jesus' teachings in secret after his murder--only came into the open following the execution of their prophet John the Baptist by Herod, many centuries later. Yet it was also the Essenes who, following the death of Tutankhamun and his father Akhenaten (Moses), secretly kept the monotheistic religion of Egypt alive. The Essenes believed themselves to be the people of the New Covenant established between their Lord and themselves by the Teacher of Righteousness, who was murdered by a wicked priest. The Dead Sea Scrolls support Osman's contention that this Teacher of Righteousness was in fact Jesus.


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Israel: Ancient Kingdom or Late Invention? Review

Israel: Ancient Kingdom or Late Invention
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Let me say at the outset that this is a book for the academically inclined, seminary students, scholarly pastors, and members of academic teaching departments. It is a collection of speeches presented at an evangelical semianr on archaeology and the nation of Israel.
The best essay in my opinion was the last one, by John Walton. He shows how an understanding of Ancient Near Eastern studies helps us toward a more nuanced and vibrant reading of the first four commandments from Exodus 20.
Alan Millard's opening essay reminds us of the need to be careful that we don't overinterpret or misinterpret the archaeological data. Some people do this with Daniel 2:46, supposing that King Nebuchadnezzar is following the practice of an ancient Hellenistic cult by offering incense to Daniel, and some even say that he was worshipping Daniel.
But Millard shows how prostrating yourself before someone and offering up incense was an ancient Babylonian practice that conveyed great respect toward royalty or prophetic personages (like Daniel) that wasn't always construed as the worship of a deity.
James Hoffmeier has an interesting essay about the geographical issues found in the Exodus narrative, particularly with regard to Rameses and Pithom. Hoffmeier shows that there is nothing in archaeology that would dispute what the text says about these cities. But I must confess that I wish Hoffmeier would have dealt in greater detail with the wilderness wanderings prior to crossing the Red Sea. He acknowledges that it is a major challenge, but that there is nothing that clearly contradicts what we find in his limited discussion of Exodus 14.
Edwin Yamauchi goes on to say in his essay that there is not enough hard evidence to show a Zoroastrian influence on the theology of the Hebrew Bible, though he does not rule it out.
In one of the more important essays, Simon Sherwin concludes that it is unlikely that the Israelites learned their monotheism in Babylonian captivity, and that the available evidence suggests that some in Israel were returning to their roots by devoting themselves exclusively to Yahweh.
Generally speaking, the writers are cautious about approaches that value archaeological evidence over textual evidence. They are also wary of arguments from silence, or people who cite the lack of archaeological evidence as absolute proof that the Hebrew texts cannot be trusted.
A previous reviewer felt that the book was too biased and slanted toward the evangelical viewpoint. I would say "Of course! The book is a collection of essays from an evangelical conference! It says so right on page 1!
I would also want to add that having theological predilections doesn't automatically make a person's work invalid, otherwise, no one would read the work of liberals, either. Variety makes life interesting.
I appreciate the evenhanded approach to the issues. In my judgment, it would be a mistake to assume that this book is a naive and close-minded approach. The scholars in this book have made a good case for Israel as an ancient kingdom without ignoring the voices who say otherwise.


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The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold Review

The Christ Conspiracy: The Greatest Story Ever Sold
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The further one goes into this book, the more one recognizes how vast is the mythological background of the ancient world that the modern era has completely lost sight of. Those who imagine that the Gospel story represents singular historical events are in for a shock when they realize the degree to which the Christian myth of Jesus of Nazareth was a reflection of mythical motifs and traditions which saturated ancient and even prehistoric cultures. There is barely an original or virgin bone in Christ's body, and Christians in the early centuries were regularly assailed by pagan detractors who accused them of reworking old ideas and copying from a host of predecessors.
The other thing the reader comes to recognize is that Acharya S has done a superb job in bringing together this rich panoply of ancient world mythology and culture, and presenting it in a comprehensive and compelling fashion. Moreover, she grabs the reader from the first page and doesn't let go. Her style is colorful, bold, occasionally (and justifiably) indignant, even a touch reckless at times, but never off the track--a little like an exciting roller coaster ride. It may take a fair amount of concentration to absorb all this material, but even if you don't integrate everything on first reading, the broader strokes will leave you convinced that the story of Jesus is simply an imaginative refashioning of the mythological heritage of centuries and that no such man ever existed.
She covers a wide range of interesting and provocative topics, with plenty of stimulating insights. Especially effective is her attention to elements of the Old Testament that one doesn't usually encounter in biblical studies: astrology in the bible, the mythological nature of much of the Old Testament material, the falsity of the idea that the Hebrews were monotheistic, even a chapter on Sex and Drugs. She delves into Egyptian and Indian precedents for the possible derivation of many of the bible's traditions. When she ranges even further afield and notes the astonishingly widespread commonality of certain religious and cultural motifs from one end of the planet to the other, extending back into very ancient times, we are on intriguing if speculative ground, but for the most part the author simply lets the data speak for itself, and readers can draw what conclusions their own adventurous spirits might wish.
As for her detailed picture of how Gospel elements closely conform to astrological and mythological symbols in the atmosphere of the time, or how the story of Jesus parallels the features of other savior gods: if even half of these things were in the minds of the Gospel writers when they fashioned their symbolic tale (to which one could add the midrashic borrowing of passages from the Hebrew scriptures to provide so much of the Gospel structure, its `events' and even their wording), there can be no doubt that such writers were well aware that their work had nothing to do with history.
There are those who have expressed some uncertainty about the scholarship which originally presented some of the subject matter dealt with in this book, since much of it comes from the 19th and early 20th centuries. But there is a prominent reason why today's researcher is inevitably thrown back on this early period of investigation. The so-called History of Religions School was a feature of that period, represented by such luminaries as Reitzenstein, Bousset and Cumont, and other, less famous scholars. Its conclusions about the relation of Christianity to the thought and religious expression of the time, especially in regard to the mystery cults and even solar mythology, proved very unpalatable to mainstream New Testament study. That was also the period of intense examination of the idea that no Jesus had existed at all (J. M. Robertson, Arthur Drews, the Dutch Radical School, etc.). The result was a backlash and a circling of the wagons, creating a fortress mentality against such scholarship for the latter three-quarters of the 20th century. As a result, there has been little recent investigation of that History of Religions material, especially sympathetic investigation. Acharya may draw to some degree on that older scholarship, but while certain aspects of it are necessarily a little dated, one of the things which struck me in her quotations from it (and more and more of it is now being reprinted) is how perceptive and compelling most of it continues to be. We sorely need a new History of Religions School for the 21st century, to apply modern techniques to this important ancient material. Perhaps this book will help bring that about.

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The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt: The Secret Lineage of the Patriarch Joseph Review

The Hebrew Pharaohs of Egypt: The Secret Lineage of the Patriarch Joseph
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Drawing on the Bible, the Koran and various ancient Egyptian sources, the author places the events of Exodus in the time of Ramses I. This new interpretation of history may be compared with the work of Velikovsky although their conclusions are not the same; Velikovsky identifies Ramses I with Necho I of the end of the 7th century B.C.
I don't know who is correct, but Osman certainly provides a great read in this book as he identifies the biblical Joseph with Yuya, grand vizier of the 18th dynasty pharaoh Tuthmose IV. From this follows the introduction of monotheism by queen Tiye and her son Akhenaten. This explains the animosity shown towards Akhenaten and his religion by the later pharaoh Horemheb, whom Osman identifies as the oppressor king of the book of Exodus.
This book consists of two parts: A Father To Pharaoh which details the aforementioned history, and Notes And Sources, which contains the evidence and an interesting chapter on the name of Joseph/Yuya. This fascinating work concludes with a bibliography and index.
I also recommend The House Of The Messiah by this author plus the books of Immanuel Velikovsky, like Ages In Chaos, Oedipus And Akhnaten an Ramses II And His Time.

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A reinterpretation of Egyptian and biblical history that shows the Patriarch Joseph and Yuya, a vizier of the eighteenth dynasty king Tuthmosis IV, to be the same person' Uses detailed evidence from Egyptian, biblical, and Koranic sources to place Exodus in the time of Ramses I' Sheds new light on the mysterious and sudden rise of monotheism under Yuya's daughter, Queen Tiye, and her son AkhnatenWhen Joseph revealed his identity to his kinsmen who had sold him into slavery, he told them that God had made him 'a father to Pharaoh." Throughout the long history of ancient Egypt, only one man is known to have been given the title 'a father to Pharaoh"--Yuya, a vizier of the eighteenth dynasty king Tuthmosis IV. Yuya has long intrigued Egyptologists because he was buried in the Valley of Kings even though he was not a member of the Royal House. His extraordinarily well-preserved mummy has a strong Semitic appearance, which suggests he was not of Egyptian blood, and many aspects of his burial have been shown to be contrary to Egyptian custom. As The Hebrew Pharohs of Egypt shows, the idea that Joseph and Yuya may be one and the same person sheds a whole new light on the sudden rise of monotheism in Egypt, spearheaded by Queen Tiye and her son Akhnaten. It would clearly explain the deliberate obliteration of references to the 'heretic" king and his successors by the last eighteenth dynasty pharaoh, Horemheb, whom the author believes was the oppressor king in the Book of Exodus. The author also draws on a wealth of detailed evidence from Egyptian, biblical, and Koranic sources to place the time of the departure of the Hebrews from Egypt during the short reign of Ramses I, the first king of the nineteenth dynasty.

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Synchronized Chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity Review

Synchronized Chronology: Rethinking Middle East Antiquity
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I sometimes worry that stupid titles for my reviews will be off-putting. But not so worried that I don't make 'em. This is my second try with this review, perhaps Amazon will publish it.

Like "Solving the Exodus Mystery" by Ted Stewart [097186800X], Henry could benefit from proofreading. I found some of his choices to be a little confusing at first -- such as BCC for "B.C., Conventional" and BCS "B.C., Synchronized" -- and his footnotes are too terse. There is no index.

That said, generally his writing style is readable and clear. The organization of the book is excellent, linear, and not repetitive.

In brief, the Synchronized Chronology is a one-volume synopsis of Immanuel Velikovsky's "Ages In Chaos" series. That was published in three volumes (plus two unpublished works) over 26 years -- "Ages In Chaos", "Ramses II and His Time", and "Peoples of the Sea" -- all five based on his "Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History" published in 1945. Henry has produced a useful introduction and summary of the entire corpus, and doesn't try to hide this. On p 220 he even refers to it as "the Synchronized Chronology offered by Velikovsky." Henry is respectful of David Rohl's and Peter James' alternate chronologies, each of which emerged from the failure of the Glasgow Chronology, which began as an attempt to revise V's reconstruction. But Henry ultimately rejects Rohl and James.

I noticed some phrases and quotes direct from Velikovsky, such as "extravagant of labor" in reference to the clay Hittite strata at Gordion (p 186; found as a quote in "Ramses II and His Time", p 155) as well as a reference to MacQueen -- "Lydian 'seems to be Hittite'" -- with a footnote that can be sorted out using the book's bibliography. Apparently Henry attributes it to MacQueen's "Babylon" which appears to be incorrect (perhaps nonexistent). In this case, Henry gives the correct page number for MacQueen's first edition (59, in the note on 163) but the incorrect title (or perhaps one omitted title) in the bibliography.

In "Ramses II and His Time" Velikovsky cites this very same point from MacQueen's "The Hittites and Their Contemporaries in Asia Minor", p 59. This citation applies to the first edition. The allegedly expanded edition of MacQueen normally available to me has doesn't say this (p 59 being about something else), and refers elsewhere to "Arzawan" as MacQueen attempts to distance himself from the controversy about Hittite references to the Homeric Greeks, and possibly from Velikovsky's citation.

Henry's extensive use of Velikovsky is not plagiaristic or unscholarly. In this book, Henry introduced me to the idea (from "Cambridge Ancient History") that the Amazons were actually Hittites, whereas Velikovsky suspected they were Cimmerians. The identification of the Amazons isn't pertinent to the overall work in any case. It appears that Henry became convinced of V's accuracy by checking his footnotes.

Henry makes the point that "a characteristic pottery decoration" found in the former territory of the Philistines "looks so much like East Greek 'bird bowls'... They are colonial Greek and have nothing to do with the true Philistines of the 11th century." As he doesn't seem to be aware of the unpublished volumes of "Ages In Chaos" (which are available electronically), this would be an example of his thorough understanding of the framework, rather than some kind of reflux of what went before.

Henry follows Velikovsky in rejecting the Sothic Cycle. In his "Summary" chapter he explains its modern origin and notes that there's no evidence it was ever used in ancient Egypt. Henry doesn't use any archaeoastronomy anywhere in this book (that I noticed), which is different than Rohl, who makes questionable use of a supposed eclipse record from Ugarit, and Stewart who follows Rohl on that. The recent discovery that the Earth's rate of rotation has changed was made possible by an eclipse record from Babylon, and means that any ancient observations need to be used cautiously, or not at all.

He mentions in passing (p 242) an internet message he'd received regarding supposed incompatibility of the Kassite chronology with the Synchronized Chronology. I've seen plenty of unsubstantiated (indeed, unsubstantiatable) claims of that kind over the years, in print and on the web. Henry wisely saw through whatever the objection was, and showed his integrity by mentioning it. Earlier (p 156) he points out the fallacious foundation of Ken Kitchen's alleged dating for Shoshenq I. Kitchen's criticisms of alternate chronologies (y'know, those which don't agree with his) are quite energetic. Peter James' defenses against Kitchen's assaults are often entertaining. For a time, David Rohl had a sort of rude reference to Kitchen on the title headers of his website (which went down a while back). Even as he disagrees, Henry treats all three with respect. Throughout the book he deals with the ideas, not personalities.

This book makes an excellent introduction to Velikovsky's "Ages In Chaos" series (including the two unpublished volumes), and makes a good companion to Robert Compton's "Guide to Velikovsky". Readers of Rohl's "Test of Time" a.k.a. "Pharaohs and Kings" or Peter James et al's "Centuries of Darkness" should enjoy this book.

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The Temple Legend : Freemasonry and Related Occult Movements Review

The Temple Legend : Freemasonry and Related Occult Movements
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In this book, Steiner writes:
"One cannot attain to what is usually known as immortality unless one is to some extent familiar with the occult sciences. The fruits of occult science do, of course, find their way out into the world along many different channels. A great deal of occult knowledge exists in the various religions, and all those who participate deeply and sincerely in the life of a religious community have some share in this knowledge and are preparing themselves for the attainment of immortality in the real sense. But to subsist on the knowledge of this immortality and the feeling of belonging in the spiritual world in concrete experience and with full awareness is still something different.

"All of you have lived many times but not all of you are conscious that you have lived through these many lives. However, you will gradually attain this consciousness, and without it man's life is lived with incomplete consciousness. It has never been the aim of occult science to inculcate into man a dim feeling of survival, but to impart a clear, fully conscious knowledge of onflowing life in the spiritual world. And there is a certain great law which governs the progressive development of consciousness in all future stages of life. Namely, it is what man works at to help others attain such consciousness which contributes the most to its development. It is an apparently paradoxical proposition: everything a being works at without aiming at developing its own consciousness helps to maintain that being's consciousness.

"It is a fact that all occult science consists of knowing how a man can act selflessly in order to attain the greatest enhancement of his own consciousness...For selfless deeds are the real foundation of immortality. "

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A Shepherd's Rod Review

A Shepherd's Rod
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In A Shepherd's Rod, Ammena, the daughter of Nido, Pharaoh's chief sorcerer, was a powerful character. Her irresistible beauty drew the unwanted attentions of Pharaoh and every other man who cast his eyes upon her, but what impressed me the most about her was that she was not fixed on this part of herself. Though others were obsessed by her physically perfect form and face, she had more important things on her mind. She wanted to escape the life she was leading and rescue her brothers from their forced apprenticehip under their father's dark direction. Although her father's expectations for Ammena's life only included marrying well and having children, Ammena demonstrated her independent spirit from the beginning. She hated the dark magic that her father practiced and did not hesitate to tell him so, but she supported her brothers because their mother had abandoned the life she could not stand with their father and her brothers needed her love.
In addition to speaking out against the dark practices she loathed, Ammena pursued her interest in healing, in horses, and in slinging under the tutelage of Inarus, her mentor, and Daniel, Inarus's Hebrew slave. These interests made her different from the other women in pharaoh's court and from the women who were Hebrew slaves. When pharaoh condemned Ammena's father and brothers for failing to put Moses in his place after he asked for the release of the Hebrew slaves and used their failure as an excuse to sentence her to slavery in the Hebrew camp for scorning his advances, she continued to break the stereotypical mold for the women of her day by fighting back. She did this by attempting to rescue her family from pharaoh's grasp, by using her skills to survive the challenges she faced after she left Egypt, and by battling as a slinger whose experiences in war convince her that her destiny is to serve the Hebrew God.
Like all of us, Ammena is a unique individual, with a unique plan, but it took a long process of unexpected events and deep suffering for her to discover what the outcome of that plan would be. Eventually she emerges as a heroine of fire and faith unlike any other, but exactly like the person she was always meant to be. The stereotype breaking process through which she did it is a thrill ride that can inspire every one of us who wants to discover his or her true destiny. I thoroughly enjoyed this book. If you want to see an example of someone who lost everything but found her true identity by doing it, open this book, get on this roller coaster, and ride this adventure to the finish.


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When the Soul Awakens: The Path to Spiritual Evolution and a New World Era Review

When the Soul Awakens: The Path to Spiritual Evolution and a New World Era
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After searching most of my life for answers to life's riddles, this book opened the flood gates for me.
I purchased many copies for like minded friends and the response was "This is a book who's time has come."
The authors invested much time and effort to translate esoteric teachings into every day language.
Helga Torda, Researcher

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Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World) Review

Pagans and Christians in Late Antiquity: A Sourcebook (Routledge Sourcebooks for the Ancient World)
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I do not like sourebooks, however, I really like this sourcebook. This book has three features that really make it outstanding.
1. It focuses on the obscure. While there are certainly passages from well-known historians such as Eusebius, Lactantius and Procopius, this book includes artwork, archaeological evidence and letters. These minor pieces of evidence are really important because they are so hard to find. Anyone can go to a library and check out a copy of 'de Mortibus Persecutorum', but not everyone has the time, interest or resources to go through the reports of the Dura-Europos excavations. This book is greatly enhanced by a wide breadth of atypical source material.
2. It provides context. Lee writes a little passage before each source snippet to put it into context. While that is helpful, he also references scholarly works in those snippets, so not only is this a sourcebook of ancient sources, but also modern interpretations.
3. It's organization is very good. The first half of the book or so is divided up chronologically and ends in the 6th century. The book then has a section on other religions, but it ends with excellent thematic chapters, detailing material resources, women, bishops and monasticism. These later source materials also provide references to relevant passages in the earlier chapters, making it very easy to navigate through this book.
In sum, this is a first-rate sourcebook.

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In this book A.D. Lee charts the rise to dominance of Christianity in the Roman empire. Using translated texts he explains the fortunes of both Pagans and Christians from the upheavals of the 3rd Century to the increasingly tumultuous times of the 5th and 6th centuries.The book also examines important themes in Late Antiquity such as the growth of monasticism, the emerging power of bishops and the development of pilgrimage, and looks at the fate of other significant religious groups including the Jews, Zoroastrians and Manichaeans.

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